Geriatric Examination Tool Kit

Summary of available Reference Values and Predictive Values,
for some instruments found in this Exam Tool Kit.

 
Reference Values
Predictive Values
6 Minute Walk Lusardi, Brown, Steffen < 300 m : poor short-term and long-term survival rates
Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale -- ABC  

> 80% = high level of physical functioning
50-80% = moderate level of physical functioning
< 50% = low level of physical functioning
-- Myers AM (1998)

< 67% = older adults at risk for falling; predictive of future fall
-- LaJoie Y (2004)

Berg Balance Scale
- - BBS
Lusardi

41-56 = low fall risk
21-40 = medium fall risk
0 -20 = high fall risk

< 45/56 used as fall predictor
(Sensitivity 64%, Specificity 90%) -- Newton (1997)

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC): 6.5
Romero (2011)

Dynamic Gait Index
-- DGI
 

< 19/24 is predictive of falls in the elderly.
(Sensitivity 59%, Specificity 64%) -- Shumway Cook (1997)

> 22/24 = safe ambulators

Minimal Detectable Change (MDC): 2.9
Romero (2011)

FICSIT-4
static balance
   
Four Square Step Test
-- 4SST
  sensitivity of 85%
specificity of 88% to 100%
positive predictive value of 86%
Fukuda Positive Fukuda sign:
Move > 50 cm
Turn > 30 degrees
 
Functional Reach   6-7 inches: limited functional balance
>10 inches: normal

Gait Speed

(velocity over 20 feet)

Bohannon, Lusardi

<1.8 ft./sec = risk for recurrent falls
(sensitivity 72%, specificity 74%)
-- Van Swearingon JM 1998

<1.9 ft./sec = would benefit from PT eval and possible treatment
(sensitivity 80%, specificity 89%)
-- Harada N 1995

Gait Abnormality Rating Scale
--GARS
  > 18/48: increased fall risk
Geriatric Depresion Scale   Normal: 0-9
Mild depression: 10-19
Severe depression: 20-30
Grip Strength Bohannon  
Mini Mental State Exam
-- MMSE

 

Normal: 25-30
Mild cognitive impairment: 21-24
Mod: 16-20
Severe <16

Depression >19.

Motion Sensitivity Score - MSQ   0-10% = mild motion sensitivity
11-30% = moderate
31-100% = severe
-- Abbott
Physical Performance Test --PPT- 9 item  

32/36-36/36 = not frail
25/36-32/36 = mild frailty
17/36-24/36 = moderate frailty
< 17/36 = unlikely to be able to function in the community

Tends to not have a ceiling or floor effect.

Physical Performance Test
-- PPT- 7 item
Lusardi

cut off score of 15/32 is fall predictor

15/32 predictive of living situation and mortality (sensitivity 79%, specificity 71%) -- VanSwearingen (1998)

Tends to not have a ceiling or floor effect.

Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment
--POMA
by Tinetti

Balance Score = 16
Gait Score = 12
Total Test Score = 28

 

25-28 = low fall risk
19-24 = medium fall risk
< 19 = high fall risk

Be aware that there are multiple versions of this test, so items and the number of points may differ.

Timed Up and Go
-- TUG
Lusardi
Bohannon

>13.5 sec is predictive of falls (sensitivity 80%, specificity 100%)
-- Shumway Cook (2000)

>30 sec. corresponds with functional dependence in persons with pathology

Other versions combine the TUG with a concurrent manual or cognitive task.


Updated December 30, 2012